The US supreme court sided against national Republicans and Donald Trump’s administration to allow mail-in ballots that arrive after election day to be counted, upholding the law in more than a dozen states.

The Republican National Committee (RNC) had challenged a Mississippi state law allowing mailed ballots to be counted if they arrive within five business days of election day, so long as they were postmarked by election day.

“Nothing in the federal election-day statutes requires ballots to be received by election day,” the conservative justice Amy Coney Barrett wrote in the 5-4 opinion.

Barrett joined Chief Justice John Roberts and the three liberal justices – Sonia Sotomayor, Elena Kagan and Ketanji Brown Jackson – in delivering the majority opinion. Justices Samuel Alito wrote a dissenting opinion, which Clarence Thomas and Neil Gorsuch joined and Brett Kavanaugh joined in part.

The decision to side against the president and Republican party is seen as a surprise after other supreme court decisions this term have upended election processes. The court decided earlier this term to allow Louisiana to effectively dismantle the Voting Rights Act, depriving Black voters of their ability to elect members of Congress of their choosing and setting off a frenzy of gerrymandering across the south.

The new decision will maintain state laws that allow ballots postmarked by election day to be counted later, affirming the role of states in setting election laws. Fourteen states, Washington DC and three US territories have similar laws that allow for late-arriving ballots to be counted.

Some states, including Mississippi, changed their laws in 2020, during the Covid-19 pandemic. Mississippi, a red state, defended its ability to set its own procedures for elections against the challenge from the Republican party, which argued that the grace period after election day violates federal laws that set election day for the first Tuesday of November.

Trump and some Republicans continually cast doubt on mail voting, a process used by millions in both parties in most states to cast ballots more conveniently. There are checks and balances in place to ensure mailed ballots are valid, including signature verification. In March, however, records show Trump voted by mail in the special election for House district 87, which encompasses his Mar-a-Lago golf club, according to the Palm Beach county supervisor of elections website.

Nevertheless, the president has called for an end to mail voting, though he does not have the power to actually end it himself. Election processes in the US are run by local jurisdictions based on local and state laws and policies.

On Monday, voting rights advocates praised the supreme court decision, saying it protected voters from disenfranchisement and prevented chaos by upholding the rights of states.

“A ballot mailed on time is a vote cast on time, and the court just affirmed what’s been true for over a century,” said Sophia Lin Lakin, director of the ACLU’s Voting Rights Project. “These voters did everything right – they followed the rules and got their ballots in the mail. They shouldn’t lose their voice because a postal truck ran late, and now they won’t. This is how it’s supposed to work: states decide how to count their voters’ ballots, and that authority is intact heading into November.”

A ruling against Mississippi and late-arriving ballots could have created confusion for voters and elections officials with midterm primaries and elections underway.

But, voting rights groups warned, the rare victory doesn’t detract from the assault on voting from the Trump administration. Trump has sought to override state and local laws on elections via executive orders, which have largely been blocked by the courts, in a crusade against mail voting by making unsubstantiated claims of widespread fraud.

Trump railed against the ruling in a post on Truth Social on Monday, calling it a “tremendous loss”. He used the loss to again call for Congress to pass the Save America Act, which would require proof of citizenship for voters, among a host of changes that will create hurdles for voting access and disenfranchise potentially millions of voters. He has refused to sign other legislation, most recently a bipartisan housing bill, unless Congress moves the Save Act forward.

“There is no excuse for a politician, or otherwise, to be against the above three requirements. There is only one reason to oppose – CHEATING!” he wrote, before calling out specific senate Republicans by name and claiming there was a “communist movement” taking place in the country.

The RNC also called on Congress to pass the Save America Act.

“Democrats are inviting chaos at the ballot box by allowing elections to drag on for days and weeks after voters cast their ballots,” RNC Chairman Joe Gruters said. “Republicans are not going to be deterred by this decision, and the RNC will keep fighting to have elections end on Election Day as Americans want.”

Tate Reeves, the Republican governor of Mississippi, said he disagreed with the decision and with Roberts and Barrett for siding with the three liberal justices in it. He also called on the Mississippi legislature to repeal the state law that allows for late-arriving ballots and instead require ballots to be received by 5pm on election day in order to be counted.

“We’re not going to try to delegitimize the court, dox the justices or show up at their homes, picket in the streets, or make ridiculous calls to pack the Court in the future,” Reeves said.

The Republicans bringing the lawsuit had contended that the word “election” in federal statutes should mean both when a ballot is cast and when it is received, therefore making it so all ballots counted needed to be received on election day.

During oral arguments in Watson v Republican National Committee in March, the supreme court’s conservative justices laid out hypothetical situations to probe the limits of counting ballots after election day, and nodded to the potential for election fraud.

Several justices also questioned whether a voter could recall their ballot through the mail and change their vote – a hypothetical practice that Mississippi solicitor general Scott Stewart said does not happen, claiming “nobody cited a single example in history”.

In the decision on Monday, Barrett wrote that “plaintiffs’ policy arguments about election integrity and voter confidence are properly directed to legislatures, not courts … and regardless, plaintiffs’ definition of ‘election’ would do little to address the concerns they identify”.

The plaintiffs had also argued that historical precedent and practice underscored their argument that ballots should be received by election day in order to be counted. But, Barrett wrote, these historical examples did not tie directly into modern statutes.

During the oral arguments, liberal justices pointed to federal laws that allow for grace periods, while noting that a ruling here could also implicate early voting, another common practice.

“You’re basically saying there are two things that have to happen, and they have to happen on election day, and it’s the casting of the vote and the receipt of the vote,” Kagan told Paul Clement, who is arguing on behalf of the Libertarian party of Mississippi.

In a dissenting opinion, Alito wrote that election day is set for the second Tuesday of November, and all voting must commence by that day. Allowing ballots to arrive after election day violates that, he argued.

“Election day is a specified date, not a span of multiple days,” Alito wrote. “The election-day statutes require that federal elections occur on that date. Under the challenged Mississippi law, however, the collection of ballots continues for five more days, and therefore the ‘election’ is not held until the end of that period.”